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Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills over time. It is the most common form of dementia in older adults. Today, some 5.3 million Americans live with Alzheimer’s disease, and it is now the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. The number of older adults who will develop Alzheimer’s disease is expected to more than triple by 2050.
The exact causes of Alzheimer’s disease are not fully known, but some risk factors are recognized. Aging is the most important one. Others include genetics – you may be more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease if a family member was affected. Scientists are studying the relationship between problems with memory and thinking and other conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Researchers have also been investigating how factors such as education, diet, and environment may play a role.
Like other chronic diseases, Alzheimer's has no cure. But much can be done to help people living with the disease and the family and friends who care for them. Some medications, such as donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne) and rivastigmine (Exelon), can improve some symptoms. Other medications may help some individuals with Alzheimer's disease who are experiencing severe depression, anxiety, or changes in behavior. There are also many supportive services that can be provided to patients and their families to make living with Alzheimer's disease much easier. These include counseling and education, planned social activities, and taking breaks, among others.
A great deal of research has been focused on discovering new medical treatments for Alzheimer's disease. In June 2021, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a drug called aducanumab (Aduhelm™). In July, the FDA narrowed aducanumab’s approval to treating patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. People with more advanced stages of dementia are not eligible for this treatment.
The FDA used a special type of evaluation in its decision, called an 'accelerated approval pathway.' This allows patients with serious or life-threatening diseases access to a drug if there is hope of improvement—even if there is still uncertainty about the drug’s benefits to patients. Accelerated approval can be granted when a drug affects a “surrogate endpoint.” This means that a drug can get approval if it improves something that could eventually lead to patient benefit, but it isn't the same thing as directly leading to benefits.
In Alzheimer’s disease, the surrogate endpoint considered by the FDA is the removal of a protein called amyloid from the brain. Abnormal amyloid build-up is considered a "marker" of Alzheimer's disease. We do not yet know if reducing amyloid in the brain will benefit patients either by reducing Alzheimer’s disease symptoms or by helping to sustain brain function over time.
Because it's uncertain whether or how much aducanumab might help patients, the FDA is requiring Biogen, its manufacturer, to do an additional clinical trial. This study is currently being designed, and is intended to see whether aducanumab slows the progression of Alzheimer’s disease when are measured by direct benefits to patients, not just by changes in a surrogate endpoint (brain amyloid deposits). Biogen has indicated that the study could take up to nine years to produce results.
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From the perspective of the American Geriatrics Society, what matters most to people with Alzheimer’s disease, their families, and their health team is whether a proposed new treatment offers clinical benefits that help them function better. Right now, we simply don’t have enough scientific information to know whether aducanumab will slow cognitive decline and preserve function for those who receive this treatment. Importantly, we do not yet know whether treatments like aducanumab that remove amyloid from the brain can slow or prevent cognitive or functional decline in Alzheimer’s disease.
For these reasons, we consider the evidence inconclusive when it comes to prescribing this drug and believe that aducanumab should be used with caution.
At the same time, we recognize that with FDA approval of aducanumab, patients and families are interested in finding out whether this new drug is right for them or their loved ones. We have developed preliminary advice to help inform you about the risks and benefits of this new treatment based on the available data.
There are differences between what the FDA approved and how aducanumab was studied and Tables 1 and 2 below compare those differences. Patients and caregivers considering aducanumab should know:
- Aducanumab was studied only in generally healthy people with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. The studies did not include people over the age of 85. They also did not include people with common types of health issues you may have (such as atrial fibrillation, bleeding disorders, heart failure, previous heart attack or stroke, brain hemorrhages, or any uncontrolled medical condition, such as high blood pressure). People taking a blood thinner were not studied. There is no information about the safety or effectiveness of aducanumab for a person with any of these conditions.
- Aducanumab has potential side effects. In the studies, 30-40% of study participants developed "amyloid-related imaging abnormalities" (ARIA). These are changes seen in the brain using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans. ARIA can be a potentially serious adverse event that causes swelling of brain tissue (edema) and bleeding within or at the surface of the brain (called microhemorrhages or superficial siderosis). Patients may report headache, changes in mental state, confusion, vomiting, nausea, tremor, and trouble with walking. While ARIA seen on MRI scans may not cause any symptoms, some cases are severe. In the trials, if ARIA was found, treatment was discontinued until it was resolved and/or dosages were changed.
AGS has advised clinicians who are considering prescribing aducanumab to:
- Confirm that a patient's difficulties represent mild cognitive impairment (decline in cognitive function without major effects on everyday functioning) or mild dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. An example of tests that help clinicians to confirm this is the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, a way of measuring severity. The CDR assesses key areas of brain function including memory, judgement and problem solving, and everyday life in the community and at home, including hobbies and personal care. Each area is graded from 0 to 3 based on the level of impairment (none to severe) as reported by the patient and someone who knows the patient well. Other measures based on the CDR can be used to 'stage' cognitive decline (that is, establish its severity).
- Obtain confirmation that the patient has evidence of beta amyloid plaque in the brain. In the aducanumab studies, researchers required a positive amyloid Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan). Alternatively, a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) can be done so that the levels of amyloid proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid can be measured.
- Obtain a baseline brain MRI (within one year prior to beginning treatment).
- Fully inform patient and caregivers as to what is known about aducanumab including potential harms and benefits of treatment. Discuss what matters to patients and whether aducanumab is the right treatment for them.
Table 1: Diagnosis: Differences between what FDA Approved and what was Studied
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FDA Approved Use |
Clinical Trials (ENGAGE, EMERGE) |
|
Population |
|
|
AduhelmTM is indicated for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment with AduhelmTM should be used only in Alzheimer's patients who have mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia. This is the group who received the drug in clinical trials. It is the only group we have information on about how safe or effective AduhelmTM may be. We have no information about its use at later stages of the disease because this was not studied. |
Aducanumab was only studied in people who had:
AND
A total of 1105 patients received aducanumab 10 mg/kg. 52% were women, 76% were White, 10% were Asian, and 3% were of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The mean age at study entry was 70 years (range from 50 to 85). Individuals with dementia stages earlier or later than 'mild' were not studied. |
|
Contraindications and Trial Exclusion Criteria |
|
|
The FDA does not specify individuals or groups who should not receive this treatment. |
Patients were excluded from the clinical trial if they met any of the following exclusion criteria:
|
|
Determining level of cognitive impairment and presence of amyloid plaque |
|
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The label does not require any diagnostic tests before this drug is prescribed. |
Before enrollment in either of the two trials, patients were required to undergo both an amyloid PET scan and detailed cognitive testing and staging. |
- You will need monthly infusions (approximately one hour in length) for 12 to 24 months or longer. Ask your clinician where you will receive treatment. You may receive treatments in locations such as in the physician’s office or at a health care center.
- The FDA label advises that clinicians obtain MRIs before the 7th and the 12th infusions to monitor for ARIA.
- Given how little is known about whether aducanumab slows cognitive decline, you and your clinician should create a plan for closely monitoring your cognition and function over time to assess whether the treatment is slowing your cognitive decline. This plan should include discussions (at least annually) with your clinician about whether aducanumab is helping you or whether you should discontinue treatment.
Table 2: Treatment: Differences between what the FDA Approved and Study Findings
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FDA Approved Use |
Clinical Trials (ENGAGE, EMERGE) |
|
Ongoing screening to assess benefit to patients |
|
|
None |
Patients underwent repeated PET scans and cognitive assessments during the trials. |
|
Screening and treatment protocol for adverse events |
|
|
NOTE: In the studies, 30 to 40% of the participants developed "amyloid-related imaging abnormalities" (ARIA). These are changes seen in the brain using MRI scans. ARIA can be a potentially serious adverse event that causes swelling of brain tissue (edema) and bleeding within or at the surface of the brain (called microhemorrhages or superficial siderosis). Patients may report headache, changes in mental state, confusion, vomiting, nausea, tremor, and trouble with walking. While ARIA seen on MRI scans may not cause any symptoms, some cases are severe. In the trials, if ARIA was found, treatment was stopped until it was resolved and/or dosages were changed. |
Biogen, aducanumab’s manufacturer, estimates that the drug’s costs will start at $28,200 per year. Additional expenses will include facilities and staff for administering the drug by infusion, ongoing brain monitoring by clinical assessment and MRI, and any other medical care (including hospitalization) that may be necessary to deal with complications of treatment. In August 2021, the Department of Veterans Affairs announced that it will not cover aducanumab except in patients who meet strict criteria. In April 2022, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) finalized their policy for covering aducanumab and future similar treatments. In order for Medicare to cover aducanumab treatment, patients must be enrolled in a CMS-approved randomized controlled trial that requires diversity in the study populations. If you have private insurance, you should check with your insurer about coverage. Third-party insurers have not issued decisions as to what, if any, expenses they will cover.
Writing group
Soo Borson, MD
Professor of Clinical Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine
Professor Emerita of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine
Peter Hollmann, MD, AGSF
Chief Medical Officer & Clinical Assistant Professor of Family Medicine
Brown Medicine
Nancy Lundebjerg, MPA
Chief Executive Officer
American Geriatrics Society
Todd Semla, MS, PharmD
Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine (General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics) and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Northwestern Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine
Mark Supiano, MD, AGSF
Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Geriatrics
University of Utah School of Medicine
Reviewers
William Lyons, MD, AGSF
Professor, Internal Medicine Division of Geriatrics
University of Nebraska College of Medicine
Belinda Setters, MD, AGSF
Associate Professor of Geriatric Medicine, University of Louisville
Director of Mobile ACE Program, Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Eric Widera, MD
Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco
Director, Hospice & Palliative Care, San Francisco VA Medical Center
Final approval
The AGS Public Education Committee reviewed and approved this document and made recommendations on behalf of the AGS Board of Directors on September 2, 2021.
Last Updated August 2022