What is coronary artery disease?

Coronary artery disease happens when plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries that carry blood to the heart (these are called coronary arteries).

• Plaque is made up of cholesterol (a fatty substance) and other materials that collect inside the wall of the artery. Over time, plaque buildup narrows and stiffens the arteries. This can reduce or block blood flow to the heart. Blood clots can form around plaque, which  further limits blood flow. This process is called atherosclerosis.
• Atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to the heart. Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow is called angina. When the heart does not get enough blood and oxygen, it cannot work properly. A large blockage can permanently damage the heart. If blood flow is blocked for too long, part of the heart muscle can die due to lack of oxygen.

Heart Attack Risk and Prevention 

Plaque buildup and atherosclerosis can lead to a heart attack (also called acute myocardial infarction). If the damaged area is small, the heart may heal and continue to function. If the heart attack is severe and affects a large area, it can cause sudden cardiac arrest and death.

It is possible to prevent or slow the development of coronary artery disease. Eating a heart-healthy diet, exercising regularly, and making other healthy lifestyle choices are important steps to keep your heart strong and healthy.

How Common is coronary artery disease?

• Up to 70 percent of adults age 70 and older have significant coronary artery disease. This means there is at least 50 percent blockage in one or more coronary arteries.
• Up to age 85, men have a higher risk of coronary artery disease than women. After age 85, women have a higher risk than men.
• The risk of death from a heart attack increases with age. Up to 80 percent of heart attack deaths occur in older adults.

Last Reviewed and Updated: August 2026 
By: AGS/HiAF Public Education Committee, HealthinAging.org Content Reviewers